MRI characteristics of supraclavicular brown adipose tissue in relation to cold-induced thermogenesis in healthy human adults.

BACKGROUND: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been proposed as a target to treat obesity and metabolic disease. Currently, 18 F-Fluordeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is the standard for BAT-imaging. MRI might be a promising alternative, as it is not associated with ionizing radiation, offers a high resolution, and allows to discriminate different types of soft tissue. PURPOSE: We sought to evaluate whether supraclavicular BAT (scBAT) volume, fat-fraction (FF), and relaxation rate (R2*) determined by MRI can predict its metabolic activity, which was assessed by measurement of cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT). STUDY TYPE: Prospective cohort study. SUBJECTS: Twenty healthy volunteers (9 female, 11 male), aged 18-47 years, with a body mass index (BMI) of 18-30 kg/m2 . FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: Multiecho gradient MRI for water-fat separation was used on a 3T device to measure the FF and T2 * of BAT. ASSESSMENT: Prior to imaging, CIT was determined by measuring the difference in energy expenditure (EE) during warm conditions and after cold exposure. Volume, FF, and R2* of scBAT was assessed and compared with CIT. In 11 participants, two MRI sessions with and without cold exposure were performed and the dynamic changes in FF and R2* assessed. STATISTICAL TESTS: Linear regression was used to evaluate the relation of MRI measurements and CIT. P-values below 0.05 were considered significant; data are given as mean ± SD. RESULTS: R2* correlated positively with CIT (r = 0.64, R2 = 0.41 P = 0.0041). Volume and FF did not correlate significantly with CIT. After mild cold exposure EE increased significantly (P = 0.0002), with a mean CIT of 147 kcal/day. The mean volume of scBAT was 72.4 ± 38.4 ml, mean FF was 74.3 ± 5.8%, and the mean R2* (1/T2 *) was 33.5 ± 12.7 s-1 . DATA CONCLUSION: R2* of human scBAT can be used to estimate CIT. FF of scBAT was not associated with CIT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1160-1168.

Outdoor Temperature Influences Cold Induced Thermogenesis in Humans.

Objective: Energy expenditure (EE) increases in response to cold exposure, which is called cold induced thermogenesis (CIT). Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been shown to contribute significantly to CIT in human adults. BAT activity and CIT are acutely influenced by ambient temperature. In the present study, we investigated the long-term effect of seasonal temperature variation on human CIT. Materials and Methods: We measured CIT in 56 healthy volunteers by indirect calorimetry. CIT was determined as difference between EE during warm conditions (EEwarm) and after a defined cold stimulus (EEcold). We recorded skin temperatures at eleven anatomically predefined locations, including the supraclavicular region, which is adjacent to the main human BAT depot. We analyzed the relation of EE, CIT and skin temperatures to the daily minimum, maximum and mean outdoor temperature averaged over 7 or 30 days, respectively, prior to the corresponding study visit by linear regression. Results: We observed a significant inverse correlation between outdoor temperatures and EEcold and CIT, respectively, while EEwarm was not influenced. The daily maximum temperature averaged over 7 days correlated best with EEcold (R2 = 0.123, p = 0.008) and CIT (R2 = 0.200, p = 0.0005). The mean skin temperatures before and after cold exposure were not related to outdoor temperatures. However, the difference between supraclavicular and parasternal skin temperature after cold exposure was inversely related to the average maximum temperature during the preceding 7 days (R2 = 0.07575, p = 0.0221). Conclusion: CIT is significantly related to outdoor temperatures indicating dynamic adaption of thermogenesis and BAT activity to environmental stimuli in adult humans. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier NCT02682706.

Curso EAD de intoxicação por agrotóxicos: uma estratégia para qualificação do sus na atenção integral à saúde das populações expostas, no RS, período de 2016 a 2017 / EAD course of pesticide poisoning: a strategy for the qualification of SUS in comprehensive health care of exposed populations, in RS, period from 2016 to 2017

Apresentar a estrutura e resultados das duas edições do Curso EAD de intoxicação por agrotóxicos em 2016. (AU)

Cenário da intoxicação por agrotóxicos no Rio Grande do Sul / Scenario of pesticide poisoning in Rio Grande do Sul

Análise das informações disponíveis para a vigilância em saúde relativas às intoxicações agudas que ocorrem no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. (AU)

Sepse na unidade de terapia intensiva: etiologias, fatores prognósticos e mortalidade / Sepsis in the intensive care unit: etiologies, prognostic factors and mortality

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Sepse é a principal causa de morte em pacientes tratados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar etiologia, fatores prognósticos e mortalidade de pacientes sépticos tratados nas UTI de Passo Fundo, Brasil. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 971 pacientes consecutivos prospectivamente, entre agosto de 2005 e fevereiro de 2006, 560 foram selecionados pela presença de síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS) e acompanhados por 28 dias ou até a alta ou óbito. Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com a etiologia da SIRS e adicionalmente classificados como tendo SIRS, sepse, sepse grave e choque séptico. O prognóstico foi avaliado por meio dos escores APACHE II e SOFA. A mortalidade foi comparada em diferentes etiologias de sepse e parâmetros APACHE II e SOFA. RESULTADOS: Dos 971 pacientes admitidos nas UTI, 560 desenvolveram SIRS (58 por cento). A causa mais freqüente de internação foi doença neurológica (28,9 por cento), o mais freqüente local de infecção foi o trato respiratório (71,6 por cento), e os germes mais prevalentes foram os bacilos gram-negativos (53,2 por cento). O escore APACHE II médio foi 18 ± 9 e o escore SOFA médio foi 5 ± 4. O tempo médio de permanência foi 6 (3-11) dias e a taxa de mortalidade foi 31,1 por cento: 6,1 por cento para SIRS não infecciosa, 10,1 por cento para sepse, 22,6 por cento para sepse grave e 64,8 por cento para choque séptico. CONCLUSÕES: Sepse é um importante problema de saúde que leva a uma taxa extremamente alta de mortalidade nas UTI de Passo Fundo, Brasil.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sepsis is the main cause of death in patients treated in intensive care units (ICU). The aim of this study was to evaluate etiology, prognostic factors and mortality of septic patients treated in ICU of Passo Fundo, Brazil. METHODS: Out of 971 consecutive patients prospectively evaluated from August 2005 to February 2006, 560 were selected due to presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and followed for 28 days or until discharge or death. Patients were categorized according with the etiology of SIRS and further classified as having SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Prognosis was assessed by means of Apache II and SOFA. Mortality was compared in different etiologies of sepsis, APACHE II and SOFA scores, parameters. RESULTS: Of the 971 patients admitted to the ICU, 560 developed SIRS (58 percent). The most frequent cause of internation was neurological disease (28.9 percent), the most frequent site of infection was the respiratory tract (71.6 percent), and the most prevalent pathogens were gram-negative bacilli (53.2 percent). Mean APACHE II score was 18 ± 9, and mean SOFA score was 5 ± 4. Median ICU stay was 6 (3-11) days and overall mortality rate was 31.1 percent: 6.1 percent for non-infectious SIRS, 10.1 percent for sepsis, 22.6 percent for severe sepsis, and 64.8 percent for septic shock. CONCLUSIONS: Sepsis is an important health problem that leads to an extremely high mortality rate in the ICU of Passo Fundo, Brazil.

Sepsis in the intensive care unit: etiologies, prognostic factors and mortality. / Sepse na unidade de terapia intensiva: etiologias, fatores prognósticos e mortalidade.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sepsis is the main cause of death in patients treated in intensive care units (ICU). The aim of this study was to evaluate etiology, prognostic factors and mortality of septic patients treated in ICU of Passo Fundo, Brazil. METHODS: Out of 971 consecutive patients prospectively evaluated from August 2005 to February 2006, 560 were selected due to presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and followed for 28 days or until discharge or death. Patients were categorized according with the etiology of SIRS and further classified as having SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Prognosis was assessed by means of Apache II and SOFA. Mortality was compared in different etiologies of sepsis, APACHE II and SOFA scores, parameters. RESULTS: Of the 971 patients admitted to the ICU, 560 developed SIRS (58%). The most frequent cause of internation was neurological disease (28.9%), the most frequent site of infection was the respiratory tract (71.6%), and the most prevalent pathogens were gram-negative bacilli (53.2%). Mean APACHE II score was 18 ± 9, and mean SOFA score was 5 ± 4. Median ICU stay was 6 (3-11) days and overall mortality rate was 31.1%: 6.1% for non-infectious SIRS, 10.1% for sepsis, 22.6% for severe sepsis, and 64.8% for septic shock. CONCLUSIONS: Sepsis is an important health problem that leads to an extremely high mortality rate in the ICU of Passo Fundo, Brazil.